Journal of Preventive Medicine & Infectious Diseases

Abstract

Abstract

Sperm DNA integrity is a critical determinant of male fertility, influencing fertilization, embryo development, and pregnancy outcomes. While sperm DNA fragmentation has been extensively studied, the concept of semen DNA repair capacity remains underexplored, particularly in the context of diverse populations. This review critically examines the biological basis, variability, misconceptions, and emerging perspectives related to semen DNA repair capacity in Indian populations. Mature spermatozoa possess limited intrinsic DNA repair mechanisms due to chromatin condensation, with most repair activity occurring during spermatogenesis and post-fertilization via oocyte-mediated pathways, including base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, and double-strand break repair. Evidence from Indian cohorts demonstrates considerable variability in sperm DNA integrity; however, this variation is primarily driven by environmental exposures, lifestyle factors, and socio-economic conditions rather than inherent genetic deficiencies. Common misconceptions such as presumed population-specific impairment in DNA repair capacity and the irreversibility of sperm DNA damage are not supported by current scientific evidence. Instead, oxidative stress, driven by factors such as pollution, nutritional deficiencies, and lifestyle habits, emerges as a central contributor to DNA damage, with potential reversibility through targeted interventions. Clinically, the integration of sperm DNA integrity assessment into assisted reproductive technologies remains limited due to lack of standardized protocols. Emerging research in epigenetics, proteomics, and artificial intelligence offers promising avenues for advancing personalized reproductive medicine. In conclusion, semen DNA repair capacity in Indian populations reflects a multifactorial and modifiable phenomenon rather than an intrinsic biological limitation. Addressing misconceptions, improving diagnostic frameworks, and promoting preventive strategies are essential for optimizing male reproductive health outcomes and reducing stigma associated with infertility.