Abstract

Background: Bronchial asthma is a heterogeneous chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. Traditional classifications into allergic and non-allergic asthma have been challenged by the discovery of new phenotypes and endotypes defined by molecular, immunological, and clinical characteristics. Emerging variants include obesity-associated asthma, neutrophilic asthma, aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD), and late-onset eosinophilic asthma.

Objectives: This review aims to summarize recent evidence on newly recognized clinical and molecular variants of bronchial asthma and to highlight innovative treatment modalities, with a focus on biologics, small-molecule inhibitors, immunotherapy, and precision medicine strategies.

Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science da tabases for studies published between 2010 and 2025. Studies were included if they described new phenotypes or endotypes of asthma and/or evaluated novel therapeutic interventions.

Results: Newly described asthma variants exhibit unique pathophysiological features and differential ther apeutic responses. For example, neutrophilic asthma demonstrates steroid resistance but responds to mac rolides and IL-17-targeted therapies. Biologic therapies-including anti-IgE, anti- IL-5, anti-IL-4/13, and an ti-TSLP monoclonal antibodies-have transformed management of severe eosinophilic and allergic asthma. Novel interventions such as bronchial thermoplasty, JAK inhibitors, and microbiome-modulating therapies are under active investigation.

Conclusion: Recognition of asthma heterogeneity has redefined its diagnosis and treatment. Precision medi cine approaches tailored to specific phenotypes and endotypes promise improved outcomes for patients with severe or treatment-resistant asthma. Continued research into mole.

DOI: doi.org/10.63721/25JCTC0118

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